(eBook) Escherichia coli in the Americas By Alfredo G. Torres

This is the PDF eBook version for Escherichia coli in the Americas By Alfredo G. Torres

Table of Contents

Foreword
Key Review References
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
1 Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
2 Global Significance of ETEC Infections
3 Pathogenicity Mechanisms
3.1 Toxins and Adhesins
3.2 Nonclassical Toxins, Mucinases, and Metalloproteases
3.3 Adherence Factors
3.4 Nonclassical Adhesins
4 Epidemiology of ETEC Diarrheal Disease in Latin America
4.1 ETEC in Chile
4.2 ETEC in the Highlands of Bolivia
4.3 ETEC in Colombia
4.4 ETEC in the Andes
4.5 Brazilian ETEC
4.6 ETEC Infections Among Travelers and Residents in Central America
4.7 ETEC in Mexico
5 Current Status of the Development of Vaccines Against ETEC
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC)
1 General Concepts
1.1 Defining EAEC
1.2 General Epidemiology
1.3 Clinical Features
1.4 Histopathology
1.5 Strain Heterogeneity
1.6 Pathogenesis in Three Steps
1.6.1 Adherence
1.6.2 Toxins
1.6.3 Inflammation
1.7 Main Virulence Factors
1.8 Diagnostic
1.9 Transmission
1.10 Treatment
2 Recent Advances
2.1 Intestinal Inflammation
2.2 Growth Impairment in Developing Countries
2.3 Animal Models for EAEC Pathogenesis
2.4 Urinary Tract Infection
2.5 The Hybrid O104:H4 STEC/EAEC Strain
2.6 Vaccine Development
3 Advances on EAEC in the Americas
3.1 Recent Epidemiological Information
3.2 Adhesins
3.3 Hybrid EAEC/STEC Strain
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Typical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
1 Definition of EPEC
2 Clonal Lineages of EPEC
3 Epidemiology of EPEC Infection
3.1 Incidence
3.2 Reemergence
3.3 Transmission and Reservoirs
4 Phenotypes Characteristic of EPEC
4.1 Localized Adherence to Epithelial Cells
4.2 Attaching and Effacing Lesion
4.3 Invasion of Epithelial Cells
4.4 Autoaggregation/Biofilm Formation
5 EPEC Virulence Factors and Genomics
5.1 The EAF Plasmid
5.2 Bundle-Forming Pilus
5.3 The LEE Pathogenicity Island, the Type III Secretion System, and Translocated Proteins
5.4 Intimin and Tir
5.5 Lymphostatin
5.6 EspC
5.7 Other Toxins
5.8 Other Fimbriae
5.9 Flagella
6 Regulation of Virulence Factors
7 EPEC Pathogenesis
8 Diagnosis of EPEC Infection
9 Clinical Considerations of EPEC Infection
References
Chapter 4: Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
1 General Concepts About aEPEC
2 Recent Advances in aEPEC Research
3 Atypical EPEC in America
References
Chapter 5: Enterohemorrhagic (Shiga Toxin-Producing) Escherichia coli
1 General Concepts About EHEC (STEC)
2 Recent Advances in EHEC (STEC) Research
2.1 Emergence of New EHEC (STEC) Strains
2.1.1 Emergence of a New EHEC (STEC) O26:H11 Clone in Europe
2.1.2 Emergence of EHEC/EAEC and Other Hybrid Strains Worldwide
2.1.3 Emergence of Hypervirulent EHEC (STEC) O157 Strains of Clade 8
2.2 Advances in the Knowledge of LEE-Negative EHEC (STEC) Strains Associated with Human Disease
2.3 EHEC (STEC) in the Environment
3 EHEC (STEC) in Latin America
3.1 Surveillance of EHEC (STEC) Infections Tends to Integrate Food Chain Surveillance Systems
3.2 Surveillance and Epidemiology of EHEC (STEC) Infectious Diseases in Latin America
3.3 Technologic Improvement of Latin America Laboratories for the Integration of the Region in
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli
1 General Concepts
2 DAEC Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis
3 Host Cell Receptors for Afa/Dr Adhesins
3.1 Human Decay-Accelerating Factor
3.2 Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecules
4 Afa/Dr DAEC Invasion Capacity
5 Virulence Factors
5.1 Flagella
5.2 Sat
5.3 Other Virulence Factors
6 Host Cell Responses Against DAEC Infection
7 DAEC Detection
8 Recent Advances in DAEC Research
9 Epidemiology
9.1 In the Americas
9.2 DAEC Age-Related Diarrheal Illness
9.3 DAEC Prevalence
9.4 Children
9.5 Adults
9.6 HIV
9.7 Antibiotics Resistance
References
Chapter 7: Escherichia coli in Animals
1 General Concepts
2 Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli
2.1 Enteroaggregative E. coli
2.2 Enteroinvasive E. coli
2.3 Diffusely Adherent E. coli
2.4 Enteropathogenic E. coli
2.5 Enterotoxigenic E. coli
2.6 Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli
3 Extra-Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli
3.1 Mammary Pathogenic E. coli
3.2 Avian Pathogenic E. coli
3.3 Uropathogenic E. coli
3.4 Endometrial Pathogenic E. coli
3.5 Sepsis-Associated Pathogenic E. coli and Neonatal Meningitis E. coli
3.6 Necrotoxigenic E. coli
4 Control
4.1 InPEC Control
4.2 ExPEC Control
References
Chapter 8: Escherichia coli in Food Products
1 General Aspects
2 Epidemiological Tools
2.1 Epidemiologic Surveillance
2.2 Outbreak Studies
3 Diarrheagenic E. coli Pathogroups in Food
4 Diarrheagenic E. coli and Food Microbial Ecology
4.1 Food Processing Factors Affecting DEC
4.2 Biofilm Formation
5 Intervention Strategies to Reduce E. coli in Food
5.1 High-Pressure Processing
5.2 High-Pressure Homogenization
5.3 Pulsed Electric Field
5.4 Ultraviolet Light
5.5 Intense Light Pulses
5.6 Ultrasound
5.7 Radiation
5.8 Ozone
5.9 Organic Acids
5.10 Other Emerging Processing Techniques
5.11 Hurdle Technology
6 Regulation, Microbiological Criteria, and Methodologies to Detect and Isolate Diarrheagenic E.
7 Control of Disease Determinants
8 Quantitative Risk Assessment
References
Chapter 9: Extra-Intestinal Escherichia coli (Uropathogenic E. coli and Avian Pathogenic E. coli)
1 Introduction to Extra-Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli
2 Recent Advances in ExPEC Research
3 ExPEC in Latin America
References
Chapter 10: Secretion Systems of Pathogenic Escherichia coli
1 Introduction
2 The Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS)
2.1 Injectisome
2.2 T3SS Translocators: EspA, EspB, and EspD
2.3 T3SS Effectors
2.3.1 Re-programming Cytoskeleton
2.3.2 Manipulating the Immune Responses
2.3.3 Regulating the Cell Survival
2.4 T3SS Regulators
3 The Type 5 Secretion System (T5SS)
3.1 Autotransporter Biogenesis
3.2 AT Classification
3.3 Va: Classical Monomeric ATs
3.3.1 The IgA1 Proteases
3.3.2 SPATES
3.3.3 Subtilase-Like ATs
3.3.4 Self-Associating Autotransporters
3.4 Vb: Two-Partner System (TPS)
3.5 Vc: Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins
3.6 Vd: Fusion of Classical and TPS ATs
3.7 Ve: Inverse ATs
3.7.1 Intimin
3.7.2 Invasins
4 The Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS)
4.1 Secretion Apparatus (Organelle)
4.2 T6SS in E. coli
4.3 Regulation of T6SS
4.4 Protein Translocation into Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
4.4.1 Effectors That Target Eukaryotic Cells
4.4.2 Effectors Targeting Bacterial Cells
4.5 Remarkable Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Therapeutics and Vaccines Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli
1 Recent Advances in E. coli Vaccines
1.1 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Vaccines
1.1.1 Cellular Vaccines
ACE527 and ETVAX
1.1.2 Passive Immunization
Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum
1.1.3 ETEC Subunit Vaccine Candidates
LT Patch
Mutant LT
STa Toxoids
Colonization Factors
Epitope-Based Antigens
Toxoid–CFA Fusions
1.1.4 Formalin-Killed Whole-Cell Mixture
1.1.5 Novel Antigens with Potential Utility in ETEC Vaccines
Novel Plasmid-Encoded ETEC Antigens
EtpA Adhesin
EatA Protease
1.1.6 Novel Chromosomally Encoded Antigens
YghJ Metalloprotease
EaeH Adhesin
Autotransporter Proteins
Flagellin Proteins
1.1.7 Plant-Based Vaccines
1.2 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)/Shiga Toxin-?Producing E. coli (STEC) Vaccines
1.2.1 Vaccines Against EHEC/STEC for Animals
1.2.2 Vaccines Against EHEC/STEC for Humans
1.2.3 Vaccines Against Stx for Humans
2 Recent Advances in E. coli Therapy
2.1 Treatment of Diarrheagenic E. coli Pathogroups
2.2 Treatment of STEC-Associated Human Disease
2.2.1 Specific Anti-Stx Treatments
2.2.2 Treatments That Interfere with Cellular Response to Stx
References
Chapter 12: Homeostasis vs. Dysbiosis: Role of Commensal Escherichia coli in Disease
1 General Concepts Related to Homeostasis and Dysbiosis in the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract
2 Recent Advances in Homeostasis vs. Dysbiosis in E. coli Research
2.1 AIEC Adhesion
2.2 AIEC Invasion
2.3 AIEC Intracellular Survival
2.4 AIEC Diversity
3 Role of Other E. coli in Dysbiosis and Homeostasis
3.1 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Dysbiosis
3.2 E. coli Nissle 1917 and Homeostasis
4 Homeostasis vs. Dysbiosis, E. coli Studies in the Americas
References
Chapter 13: Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli
1 Introduction
2 General Concepts About Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in E. coli
2.1 Mechanism of E. coli Antimicrobial Resistance
2.2 ß-Lactam Resistance
2.3 Quinolone Resistance
2.4 Antibiotic Use in Animals and Antibiotic Resistance
3 Recent Advances on Multidrug Resistance E. coli Research
3.1 Clinical Studies
3.2 Phylogenetic and Epidemiology
3.3 Relationship Between Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenesis
4 Antibiotic Resistance of E. coli Studies in the Americas
4.1 E. coli Antibiotic Resistance in North and Central America
4.1.1 Antibiotic Resistance of ExPEC
4.1.2 Antibiotic Resistance of Intestinal E. coli
4.2 Antibiotic Resistance of E. coli in South America
4.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance of ExPEC
4.2.2 Antibiotic Resistance of Intestinal E. coli
4.3 Summary and Implications for Management and Stewardship Programs
References
Chapter 14: Interactions of Pathogenic Escherichia coli with Host Receptors
1 E. coli–Host Interactions
2 The Intestinal Mucus Barrier
3 Mucins
4 Bacterial Strategies to Overcome the Gut Mucus Barrier
5 E. coli Mucin Glycan Receptors
6 The Proteoglycans
7 Membrane-Associated Cholesterol in Pathogen–Host Interaction
8 CEACAMs
9 The Extracellular Matrix: One Target Fits All E. coli
10 Toll-Like Receptors
11 SLAMF Receptors
12 Integrins
13 The Mosaic of E. coli Adhesins
14 E. coli–Host Interaction Studies in Latin America (LA)
15 Participation of EM Proteins in E. coli Adherence
16 Stx and Central Nervous System Complications
17 Novel Receptors
References
Chapter 15: Human Diarrheal Infections: Diagnosis of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes
1 General Concept About Escherichia coli Diagnosis
2 Recent Advances in Escherichia coli Diagnosis Research: New Emerging Technology
2.1 Molecular Methods
2.2 Recent Advances in Sequencing Technologies
2.3 Mass Spectrometry Methods
2.4 Immunological Tests
3 Escherichia coli Diagnosis in America
References
Index