(eBook) BRS Neuroanatomy 6th Edition by Douglas J. Gould

This is the PDF eBook version for BRS Neuroanatomy 6th Edition by Douglas J. Gould

Table of Contents

Preface vi

Acknowledgments vii

1 Gross Anatomy of the Brain 1

Objectives 1

I Introduction 1

II Divisions of the Brain 1

III Atlas of the Brain and Brainstem 11

Review Test 14

2 Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 17

Objectives 17

I Meninges 17

II Ventricles 21

III Cerebrospinal Fluid 23

IV Hydrocephalus 23

V Meningitis 24

VI Herniation 25

VII Circumventricular Organs 25

Review Test 29

3 Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System 32

Objectives 32

I Arteries of the Spinal Cord 32

II Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord 33

III Arteries of the Brain 34

IV Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) 38

V Meningeal Arteries 38

VI Veins of the Brain 39

VII Venous Dural Sinuses 39

VIII Angiography 41

IX Intracranial Hemorrhage 43

Review Test 46

4 Development of the Nervous System 49

Objectives 49

I Overview 49

II Development of the Neural Tube 49

III Neural Crest 50

IV Placodes 51

V Stages of Neural Tube Development 52

VI Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis) 54

VII Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon) 55

VIII Metencephalon 57

IX Mesencephalon (Midbrain) 58

X Development of the Diencephalon, Optic Structures, and Hypophysis 59

XI Development of the Telencephalon 60

XII Congenital Malformations of the CNS 61

Review Test 67

5 Neurohistology 69

Objectives 69

I Overview 69

II Neurons 69

III Neuroglia 72

IV Nerve Cell Degeneration and Regeneration 76

V Axonal Transport 77

VI Capillaries of the CNS 77

VII Sensory Receptors 79

Review Test 81

6 Spinal Cord 83

Objects 83

I Introduction 83

II External Morphology 83

III Internal Morphology 88

IV Myotatic Reflex 91

Review Test 92

7 Tracts of the Spinal Cord 94

Objectives 94

I Ascending Tracts 94

II Descending Tracts 99

III Integrative Pathways 101

IV Clinical Correlations 102

Review Test 104

8 Lesions of the Spinal Cord 107

Objectives 107

I Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions 107

II Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesions 109

III Sensory Pathway Lesions 109

IV Peripheral Nervous System Lesions 110

V Combined Upper and LMN Lesions 110

VI Combined Motor and Sensory Lesions 111

VII Intervertebral Disk Herniation 114

Review Test 115

9 Brainstem 119

Objectives 119

I Introduction 119

II Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon) 119

III Pons 124

IV Mesencephalon (Midbrain) 128

V Corticobulbar (Corticonuclear) Fibers 130

10 Cranial Nerves 135

Objectives 135

I Introduction 135

II Nervus Terminals (CN 0) 135

III Olfactory-Nerve (CN I) 135

IV Optic Nerve (CN II) 136

V Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) 138

VI Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) 139

VII Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 140

VIM Abducens Nerve (CN VI) 141

IX Facial Nerve (CN VII) 141

X Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) 144

XI Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) 144

XII Vagal Nerve (CN X) 145

XIII Accessory Nerve (CN XI) 146

XIV Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 147

Review Test 149

11 Trigeminal System 152

Objectives 152

I Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 152

II Ascending Trigeminothalamic Tracts 153

III Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei 155

IV Trigeminocerebellar Fibers 156

V Trigeminal Reflexes 157

VI Clinical Correlations 158

Review Test 160

12 Lesions of the Brainstem 162

Objectives 162

I Introduction 162

II Vascular Lesions of the Medulla 162

III Vascular Lesions of the Pons 163

IV Lesions of the Midbrain 165

V Decerebrate and Decorticate Rigidity 166

VI Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma) 167

VII Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 168

VIII Jugular Foramen (Vernet) Syndrome 168

IX Subclavian Steal Syndrome 168

Review Test 169

13 Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus 173

Objectives 173

I Introduction: The Thalamus 173

II Boundaries of the Thalamus 173

III Primary Thalamic Nuclei and Their Major Connections 174

IV Blood Supply of the Thalamus 177

V Internal Capsule 177

VI Blood Supply of the Internal Capsule 178

VII Clinical Correlations 178

VIII Overview: The Hypothalamus 179

IX Surface Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 179

X Hypothalamic Regions and Nuclei 179

XI Major Hypothalamic Connections 182

XII Major Fiber Systems 184

XIII Functional Considerations 184

XIV Clinical Correlations 186

Review Test 191

14 Auditory System 192

Objectives 192

I Introduction 192

II Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear 192

III Auditory Pathway 194

IV Efferent Cochlear (Olivocochlear) Bundle 196

V Hearing Defects 196

VI Tuning Fork Tests 197

VII Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (Baer) 197

Review Test 199

15 Vestibular System 201

Objectives 201

I Introduction 201

II Labyrinth 201

III Vestibular Pathways 203

IV Efferent Vestibular Connections 204

V Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 204

VI Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes 205

VII Clinical Correlations 206

Review Test 208

16 Visual System 210

Objectives 210

I Introduction 210

II The Retina 210

III Visual Pathway 213

IV Pupillary Light Reflexes and Pathway 215

V Pupillary Dilation Pathway 216

VI The Convergence-Accommodation Reaction 217

VII Centers for Ocular Motility 218

VIII Clinical Correlations 218

Review Test 222

17 Olfactory, Gustatory, and Limbic Systems 226

Objectives 226

I Olfactory System 226

II Gustatory System 227

III Limbic System 229

Review Test 237

18 Basal Nuclei and the Extrapyramidal Moor System 239

Objectives 239

I Basal Nuclei 239

II Extrapyramidal Motor System 239

Review Test 246

19 Cerebellum 248

Objectives 248

I Overview 248

II Major Divisions of the Cerebellum 248

III Cerebellar Cortex 250

IV Major Cerebellar Pathways 252

V Cerebellar Dysfunction 254

VI Cerebellar Lesions 254

Review Test 256

20 Autonomic Nervous System 258

Objectives 258

I Overview 258

II Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 258

III Visceral Afferent Fibers and Pain 262

IV Autonomic Innervation of Selected Organs 263

V Clinical Correlations 264

Review Test 265

21 Neurotransmitters and Pathways 267

Objectives 267

I Introduction 267

II Dopamine 268

III Acetylcholine 269

IV Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) 270

V Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT]) 271

VI Opioid Peptides 272

VII Nonopioid Neuropeptides 273

VIII Amino Acids 274

IX Nitric Oxide 276

X Functional and Clinical Correlations 276

Review Test 278

22 Cerebral Cortex 282

Objectives 282

I Overview 282

II Neocortex 282

III Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 283

IV Cerebral Dominance 288

V Split-Brain Syndrome 290

VI Blood Supply to the Major Functional Cortical Areas 291

VII Apraxia 292

VIII Aphasia 293

IX Dysprosodies 294

Review Test 295

Comprehensive Examination 300

Appendix 328

Glossary 330

Index 340